PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of China			Ordovician of Britain			North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian							Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian							Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan							Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
					Hemingfordian							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
					Arikareean							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
													Monroecreekian		23.1 *
													Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian											Geringian		27.82
					Whitneyan										29.5
					Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan							Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan							Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
					Wasatchian							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
					Clarkforkian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian									To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian									To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian			Puercan									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	Melekhovian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller			259.51
		Wordian	Leine			264.28
		Wordian	Leine	Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian		303.7
				Khamovnikian		304.8
				Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian		Myachkovian		307
				Podolskian		308.9 *
				Kashirian		311.4 *
				Vereian		313.8
				Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian		315.2
				Cheremshanian		316.9 *
				Prikamian		318.6 *
				Severokeltmian		319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
				Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian		323.2
				Protvian		324.4 *
				Steshevian		326.8 *
				Tarusian		329 *
		Visean		Venevian		330.9
				Mikhailovian		331.9 *
				Aleksinian		333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian				Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
			Pusgillian						449.3 *
			Pusgillian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
			Caradoc					Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
					Guniu †/Hulo			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
					Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian	Dapingian			Arenig		Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian					Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian			Tremadoc		Migneintian			477.7
							Lianghekou †	Migneintian			477.9 *
								Cressagian			480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan								485.4
		Stage 10			Festiniogian								489.2 *
		Jiangshanian			Festiniogian								489.5
		Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian								493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids										497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai										509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
															538.8