PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Nihewanian							0.0117
		Chibanian										0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Yushean							2.58
		Zanclean			Yushean							3.6
		Zanclean			Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian			Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian			Tunggurian							11.63
		Langhian			Shanwangian							13.82
		Burdigalian			Shanwangian							15.98
		Burdigalian			Xiejiaan							16.9
		Aquitanian			Xiejiaan							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Dorashamian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Dzhulfian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Midian			259.51
		Wordian							Midian			264.28
		Wordian							Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian							Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian							Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian							Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian							Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
							Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
							Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								489.5
									Steptoean	493 *
							Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian					Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Caerfai		Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran			514
								Montezuman			514.8 *
								Montezuman	Placentian		517.1
								Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
												538.8