PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Britain				European Faunal Units	Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of the Salt Range
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Cenozoic 6		0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian						MN 17								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						MN 16					Villanyian			2.58
								MN 16					Ruscinian			3.1 *
								MN 15								3.2
		Zanclean						MN 15								3.6
								MN 14								4.2
								MN 13								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						MN 13					Turolian			5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12								7.246
								MN 11								7.75
								MN 10					Vallesian			8.7
								MN 9								9.7
								MN 7 + 8								11.1
		Serravallian						MN 7 + 8					Astaracian	Cenozoic 5		11.63
		Serravallian						MN 6								12.8 *
		Langhian						MN 5								13.82
		Burdigalian						MN 4					Orleanian			15.98
								MN 3					Orleanian			16.9
								MN 2					Agenian			20
		Aquitanian						MN 2								20.44
		Aquitanian						MN 1								22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Cenozoic 4		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												Cenozoic 4		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Cenozoic 3		33.9
		Bartonian												Cenozoic 3		37.71
		Lutetian												Cenozoic 2		41.2
		Ypresian												Cenozoic 2		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Cenozoic 1		56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian								Cretaceous 4		100.5
						Middle Albian										106.2 *
						Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian								Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian				Early Aptian								Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian								Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian										139.8
						Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
						Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
			Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian	Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian	Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Griesbachian		251.4 *
			Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4	Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru	254.14
					Kalabagh	255 *
					Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
						265.3 *
					Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian		Permian 3	Amb	266.9
		Roadian		Permian 3		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian		Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian		Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian		Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian		Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian				Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan		Chientangkiangian			445.2
							Cautleyan					448.9 *
							Pusgillian					449.3 *
							Pusgillian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
						Caradoc	Streffordian					Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan						451.5 *
							Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian						Ordovician 4					453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian					Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Ordovician 3	Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Guniu †/Hulo		461.3 *
											Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian							Ordovician 2	Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig	Fennian			Dapingian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian			Yiyangian				470
							Whitlandian							471.1 *
							Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian		Ordovician 1	Xinchangian				477.7
							Migneintian					Lianghekou †		477.9 *
							Cressagian							480.8 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth						Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Cambrian 5					485.4
		Stage 10							Festiniogian						489.2 *
		Jiangshanian							Festiniogian						489.5
		Jiangshanian							Maentwrogian						493.1 *
		Paibian							Maentwrogian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids							Cambrian 4					497
		Drumian								Cambrian 4					500.5
		Wuliuan								Cambrian 3					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai							Cambrian 3					509
	Series 2	Stage 3								Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Cambrian 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1					529
																538.8