PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Britain		Cretaceous Subepochs	Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian								Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian								Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian								Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
				Zanclean									3.6
				Zanclean								Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian								Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian								Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian								Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian									15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian								Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian								Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian								Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian								Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian								Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian								Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian								Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian								Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian								Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian								Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian								Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian						66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic						100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian			Neocomian						125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian		Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian		Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian		Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian		Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
			Pragian			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Ungurian	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Batyrbaian	485.4
			Stage 10						Festiniogian		489.2 *
			Jiangshanian								489.5
										Aksaian	490.7 *
										Sakian	492.2 *
									Maentwrogian		493.1 *
			Paibian				494		Maentwrogian
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids		Ayusokkanian	497
			Guzhangian							499.5
			Drumian						Zhanaarykian	500.5
			Drumian						Tuesaian	503
			Wuliuan						Tuesaian	504.5
			Wuliuan							505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4				Caerfai			509
									Toyonian	510 *
									Botomian	512.5 *
			Stage 3						Botomian	514
			Stage 3						Atdabanian	515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian	521
			Stage 2							525.5
			Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
													1400