PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene																0.129
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene																0.774
		Gelasian			Early Pleistocene																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene																2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean			Early Pliocene																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene																5.333
		Tortonian			Late Miocene																7.246
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene																11.63
		Langhian			Middle Miocene																13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene																15.98
		Aquitanian			Early Miocene																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene											Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Lutetian			Middle Eocene																41.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene												Bumbanian				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene											Gashatan					56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene																59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
		Kimmeridgian																			149.2
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																			174.7
		Pliensbachian																			184.2
		Sinemurian																			192.9
		Hettangian																			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
		Norian																			208.5
		Carnian																			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																			259.51
		Wordian																			264.28
		Roadian																			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																			273.01
		Artinskian																			283.5
		Sakmarian																			290.1
		Asselian																		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian																		Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian																		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian																		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian		Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian		Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
							Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
					Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
							Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †	453
							Haljala		453.9
							Kukruse		456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku		458.4
							Lasnamagi		458.9 *
							Aseri		460.4 *
					Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg			477.7
							Varangu			481.3 *
							Pakerort			482.2 *
										Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																		486.3 *
																		486.5
																		Sunwaptan	487.5
										Festiniogian									489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												Jiangshanian					489.5
											Aksaian								490.7 *
											Sakian								492.2 *
																		Steptoean	493 *
										Maentwrogian									493.1 *
		Paibian												Paibian					494
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						St Davids			Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian									Mayan/Menevian			Guzhangian					499.5
		Drumian									Mayan/Menevian			Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan									Amgan/Solvan			Wuliuan/Taijangian			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran											Wuliuan/Taijangian			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai						Duyunian			Waucoban †	509
											Toyonian	Lenian †						510 *
			Dyeran								Toyonian							511 *
											Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3												Nangaoian				514
			Montezuman															514.8 *
			Montezuman			Atdabanian						515.6 *
			Begadean			Atdabanian						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian						Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian									Manykaian †			529
		Fortunian									Manykaian †	Jinnigian		530.7
																					538.8