PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6					0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian									Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean									Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian									Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian					Cenozoic 5				Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian									Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian									Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4				Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Cenozoic 4				Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Cenozoic 3				Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian					Cenozoic 3				Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian					Cenozoic 2				Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian					Cenozoic 2				Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cenozoic 1				Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian					Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian					Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Cretaceous 4	Late Albian				100.5
								Middle Albian				106.2 *
								Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian				113
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian					Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian					Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian				139.8
								Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
								Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian					Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian					Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian					Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian				174.7
								Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
								Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian					Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian					Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian						Sevatian				208.5
								Alaunian				213.2 *
								Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian					Triassic 3	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian					Triassic 3	Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Gzhelian			Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian			Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian				315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Cambrian 5	485.4
							Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Sunwaptan	487.5
							Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									489.5
										Steptoean	493 *
							Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian					Maentwrogian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids					Marjumian	Albertian †	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		Cambrian 3	504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai					Delamaran	Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4						Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		Cambrian 2	514
								Montezuman			514.8 *
								Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								Cambrian 1	529
												538.8