PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of North America					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian								Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian								Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian								Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian								Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene	15.98
										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene	23.03
											Monroecreekian				23.1 *
											Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian									Geringian			Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian												Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian												Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian												Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene	47.8
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian										To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian										To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian	445.2
						Richmondian	446 *
						Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian		450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian				Chatfieldian		453
						Turinian		453.7 *
					Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean				477.7
						Stairsian				480.3 *
						Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Skullrockian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				485.4
								Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				487.5
								Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						Festiniogian				489.5
		Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					St Davids					497
		Guzhangian										Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai					Branchian	509
		Stage 3										Branchian	514
		Stage 3										Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
															538.8