PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of China			Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Central Paratethys Stages
Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian																Pannonian	7.246
		Serravallian																Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian																Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian										33.9
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan										37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan										56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian																	192.9
		Hettangian																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																	259.51
		Wordian																	264.28
		Roadian																	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																	273.01
		Artinskian																	283.5
		Sakmarian																	290.1
		Asselian																	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian														Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian														Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian														Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian														Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian														Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean														Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian														Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian												Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			Late Famennian		358.9
																	Middle Famennian		365.3 *
																	Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	Late Frasnian	372.2
				Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
				Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Late Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian	383.7 *
					Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian	Southwoodian		Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Southwoodian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †		Wufeng †	Chientangkiangian	445.2
						Kralodvorian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang		449.5
						Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
						Dobrotivian							458.5 *
						Oretanian							459.7 *
							Sarka †						461.7 *
							Sarka †		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †	Dapingian					467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian		Dapingian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian		Yiyangian					470
		Tremadocian				Tremadocian		Xinchangian					477.7
		Tremadocian				Tremadocian		Xinchangian		Lianghekou †			477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan							485.4
		Stage 10						Festiniogian							489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						Festiniogian							489.5
		Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian							493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids									497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan													504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Caerfai									509
	Series 2	Stage 3													514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																			538.8