PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of the Baltic				Carboniferous Subepochs	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian																						0.0042
		Greenlandian																						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian																		Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian																		Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian																		Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian																		Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian																		Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †			Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian																		Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean																		Chapadmalalan				3.6
																				Montehermosan				3.7 *
																				Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																						5.333
		Tortonian																						7.246
																				Chasicoan				7.9 *
																				Mayoan				9.9 *
																				Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian								Cenozoic 5										Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian																		Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian																		Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian																		Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian																		Friasian				15.98
																				Santacrucian				16.2 *
																				Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian																		Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian																		Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Cenozoic 4														23.03
		Rupelian																						27.82
		Rupelian																		Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian								Cenozoic 3										Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian																		Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian																						37.71
		Lutetian								Cenozoic 2														41.2
		Lutetian																		Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian																		Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian																		Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cenozoic 1										Riochican				56
																				Itaboraian				56.9 *
																				Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian																						59.2
		Danian																						61.6
		Danian																		Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8						Senonian								66
		Campanian								Cretaceous 7														72.1
		Santonian								Cretaceous 6														83.6
		Coniacian																						86.3
		Turonian																						89.8
		Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Cretaceous 4						Gallic								100.5
		Aptian								Cretaceous 3														113
		Barremian								Cretaceous 2														121.4
		Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2						Neocomian								125.77
		Valanginian								Cretaceous 1														132.6
		Berriasian								Cretaceous 1														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Jurassic 6												Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5												Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
																						Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																							Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian																						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																						161.5
		Callovian																					Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian								Jurassic 4														165.3
		Bajocian	168.2							Jurassic 4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian			Etalian	238
		Anisian			Etalian	242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
					Puruhauan		254.2
					Puruhauan		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian		Aparima		Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Urzhumian				Barettian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3	Kazanian			Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3	Kazanian			Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
							Irenian/Ufimian	Mangapirian	276
							Filipovian		276.5 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian			Sarginian		283.5
							Sarginian	Telfordian	285
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
							Burtsevian		288.5
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian			Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian			Shikhanian		293.52
							Uskalykian		294.8
							Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian	Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju						Porkuni	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu		445.2
										Vormsi		449.6 *
										Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
				Viru						Rakvere			450.6 *
										Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	Ordovician 4	453
										Haljala			453.9
										Kukruse			456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku		Ordovician 3	458.4
										Lasnamagi			458.9 *
										Aseri			460.4 *
				Oeland						Kunda			462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
										Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian								Volkhov		Ordovician 2		467.3
		Dapingian								Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
											Latorp †			470.1 *
										Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian								Hunneberg		Ordovician 1		477.7
										Varangu				481.3 *
					Pakerort					482.2 *
										Mansian †				483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
																		486.3 *
																		486.5
											Festiniogian							489.2 *
		Jiangshanian																489.5
															Aksaian			490.7 *
															Sakian			492.2 *
											Maentwrogian							493.1 *
		Paibian																494
		Paibian															Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								St Davids				Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian			Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian		499.5
		Drumian				Mayan/Menevian		500.5
		Wuliuan				Cambrian 3		Amgan/Solvan						Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Amgan/Solvan		Caerfai								509
								Toyonian								Lenian †		510 *
								Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3				Cambrian 2	514	Botomian
		Stage 3					Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian		521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian				Cambrian 1	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
																								538.8