PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of the Baltic			Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of the Salt Range	Central Paratethys Stages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Tarantian					0.0117
				Chibanian							Ionian					0.129
				Calabrian												0.774
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian											Pannonian	7.246
				Serravallian											Sarmatian	11.63
				Serravallian											Badenian	12.8 *
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian								Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				168.2
				Bajocian									Humphresianum			168.4
				Aalenian								Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			174.7
												Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				180.1
												Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
				Pliensbachian								Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
				Sinemurian								Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
				Hettangian								Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
				Induan												251.2
				Induan										Kathwai		251.5 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										Kathwai		251.902
																252.4 *
														Chhidru		252.9 *
				Wuchiapingian										Chhidru		254.14
														Kalabagh		255 *
Wargal					256 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
				Wordian	264.28
					265.3 *
Amb					266.1 *
Amb				Roadian	266.9
				Roadian	270.7 *
			Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
				Artinskian	283.5
				Sakmarian	290.1
				Asselian	293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
				Kasimovian	303.7
				Moscovian	307
				Bashkirian	315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
				Visean	330.9
				Tournaisian	346.7
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
				Pragian	407.6
				Lochkovian	410.8
		Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare	419.2
			Pridoli		Kaugetuma	421.7 *
			Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare	423
				Ludfordian	Paadla	423.4 *
				Gorstian	Paadla	425.6
			Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula	427.4
				Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
				Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
				Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
			Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
				Telychian	Adavere	434 *
				Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
				Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
				Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
				Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
		Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	Bolindian	443.8
				Katian		Pirgu	Bolindian	445.2
						Pirgu	Eastonian	449 *
						Vormsi		449.6 *
						Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
						Oandu	Gisbornian		452 *
				Sandbian		Keila		Idavere †	453
						Haljala			453.9
						Kukruse			456.4 *
						Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
			Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku	Darriwilian		458.4
						Lasnamagi			458.9 *
						Aseri			460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
						Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
				Dapingian			Yapeenian			467.3
							Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Billingen					469.3 *	Castlemainian
			Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian	470
						Chewtonian	Latorp †		470.1 *
						Bendigonian			471.8 *
						Lancefieldian			473.5 *
	Hunneberg								473.7 *
	Hunneberg			Tremadocian					477.7
	Varangu								481.3 *
	Pakerort								482.2 *
						Warendian			482.8 *
		Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				485.4
	486.3 *
					486.5
					Festiniogian		489.2 *
				Jiangshanian	Festiniogian		489.5
				Jiangshanian	Maentwrogian		493.1 *
				Paibian	Maentwrogian		494
			Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids		497
				Drumian			500.5
				Wuliuan			504.5
			Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai		509
			Series 2	Stage 3			514
			Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
			Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
		Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								538.8
				Cryogenian								635
				Tonian								720
			Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								1000
				Ectasian								1200
				Calymmian								1400
			Paleoproterozoic	Statherian								1600
				Orosirian								1800
				Rhyacian								2050
				Siderian								2300
		Archean	Neoarchean									2500
			Mesoarchean									2800
			Paleoarchean									3200
			Eoarchean									3600
		Hadean										4000
																4600