PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of North America		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Lujanian							0.0117
		Chibanian									Lujanian							0.129
		Chibanian									Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian									Ensenadan							0.774
		Calabrian									Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian									Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Vorohuean		Tertiary †					2.58
		Piacenzian									Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean									Chapadmalalan							3.6
											Montehermosan							3.7 *
											Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
											Chasicoan							7.9 *
											Mayoan							9.9 *
											Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian									Laventan							11.63
		Serravallian									Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian									Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian									Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian									Friasian							15.98
											Santacrucian							16.2 *
											Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
		Aquitanian									Colhuehuapian							20.44
		Aquitanian									Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
		Rupelian									Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian									Tinguirirican							33.9
		Priabonian									Divisaderan							35.9 *
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Lutetian									Mustersan							41.9 *
		Ypresian									Mustersan							47.8
		Ypresian									Casamayoran							47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Riochican							56
											Itaboraian							56.9 *
											Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
		Danian									Tiupampan							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian	Wordian		264.28
		Roadian	Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian					Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
											Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				Sunwaptan	487.5
											Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											Jiangshanian			489.5
															Steptoean	493 *
											Maentwrogian					493.1 *
		Paibian											Paibian			494
		Paibian											Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								St Davids		Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †									Topazan		Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †									Delamaran		Wuliuan/Taijangian		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai									Delamaran	Waucoban †	Duyunian		509
		Stage 4											Dyeran		Duyunian		511 *
		Stage 3											Dyeran		Nangaoian		514
													Montezuman				514.8 *
													Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian													Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian													Jinnigian		530.7
																		538.8