PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Britain		Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan																	Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian																		0.0042
				Greenlandian																		0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
				Late Pleistocene																	Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian																	Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian																	Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian																	Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian																	Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian																		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Tertiary †						2.58
				Zanclean																		3.6
				Zanclean																	Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
				Tortonian																		7.246
				Tortonian																	Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian																Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian																	Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian																		13.82
				Burdigalian																		15.98
																					Hemingfordian	16.3
																					Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian																		20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																Cenozoic 4		23.03
				Rupelian																		27.82
																					Whitneyan	29.5
																					Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian																Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian																	Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian																	Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian																	Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian																Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian																	Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian																	Bridgerian	47.8
																					Wasatchian	50.5
																					Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian																Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian																	Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian																	Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian																	Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian																	Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian																	Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Cenomanian														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														Late Albian		Cretaceous 4		100.5
																		Middle Albian				106.2 *
																		Early Albian				109.9 *
				Aptian														Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3		113
				Aptian														Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
				Barremian														Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2		121.4
				Hauterivian														Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2		125.77
				Valanginian														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1		132.6
				Berriasian														Late Berriasian				139.8
																		Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
																		Early Berriasian				142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Oteke	Puaroan							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6		145
				Tithonian														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian														Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5		149.2
										Kawhia	Ohauan							Late Kimmeridgian				150
Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *						Ohauan
Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian	154.5
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
				Late Toarcian	Herangi			Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2		184.2
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2	Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian			Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian		Warepan		Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
					Otamitan				217
					Oretian				221
			Carnian		Oretian		Tuvalian	Triassic 3	227
				Gore	Kaihikuan		Tuvalian		227.5
							Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	Triassic 2	237
					Etalian		Longobardian		238
							Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian				Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
					Malakovian		Aegean		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	Triassic 1	247.2
							Smithian		248.9 *
					Nelsonian		Smithian		249
			Induan				Dienerian		251.2
							Griesbachian		251.4 *
				DUrville	Makarewan		Griesbachian		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			Permian 4	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian				253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian					259.51
			Wordian		Flettian					264.28
			Wordian		Barettian					266
			Roadian					Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2		273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian					276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian					283.5
					Telfordian					285
										288.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian					Permian 1		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5		298.9
			Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian					Carboniferous 4			307
			Bashkirian								315.2
										Huashibanian	318.5 *
										Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian		Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Serpukhovian					Shangsian		Carboniferous 3	330.8 *
			Visean					Shangsian		Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Visean					Jiusian		Carboniferous 2	335 *
			Tournaisian			Tangbagouan		Carboniferous 1		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf		Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian		Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian		Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen		Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine		Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								Silurian 2	419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Silurian 1	433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian								Pirgu		445.2
											Vormsi		449.6 *
											Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
											Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	Ordovician 4	453
											Haljala			453.9
											Kukruse			456.4 *
											Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku		Ordovician 3	458.4
											Lasnamagi			458.9 *
											Aseri			460.4 *
										Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
											Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
											Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian								Volkhov		Ordovician 2		467.3
			Dapingian								Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian												470
												Latorp †			470.1 *
											Hunneberg				473.7 *
Tremadocian			Ordovician 1				477.7				Hunneberg
							Varangu				481.3 *
							Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth				Pakerort				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Cambrian 5		485.4
									486.3 *
										486.5
										Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids								Series 3 †		Cambrian 4		497
		Drumian											Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai		Cambrian 3								509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																						635