PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Britain		Permian of Western Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean								0
				Meghalayan				Santarosean								0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean							Late Pleistocene	0.014
				Chibanian				Rancholabrean							Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian				Irvingtonian							Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian				Irvingtonian							Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian				Blancan								1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean				Hemphillian							Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian				Clarendonian								9.4
				Serravallian				Clarendonian							Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian				Barstovian								12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
								Hemingfordian								16.3
								Arikareean								18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Late Oligocene	23.03
				Rupelian						Kekeamuan					Early Oligocene	27.82
								Whitneyan								29.5
								Orellan								31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian				Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian				Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian				Uintan								39.7
				Lutetian				Uintan								41.2
				Lutetian				Bridgerian								46.2
				Ypresian				Bridgerian			Bumbanian				Early Eocene	47.8
								Wasatchian								50.5
								Clarkforkian								54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian		Gashatan					Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian				Tiffanian		Gashatan					Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian				Tiffanian							Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian				Torrejonian							Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian				Torrejonian							Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian				Puercan							Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian							66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic							100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian					Neocomian							125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Dzhulfian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Midian	259.51
			Wordian		Midian	264.28
			Wordian		Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian		Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian	273.01
			Kungurian		Bolorian	279.8
			Artinskian	Autunian	Bolorian	283.5
			Artinskian		Yakhtashian	286
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian		Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian				Gamachian	445.2
							Richmondian	446 *
							Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
							Edenian			450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
			Sandbian				Chatfieldian			453
							Turinian			453.7 *
						Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dapingian								467.3
			Dapingian				Rangerian				469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian				Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian				Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian				480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Skullrockian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			485.4
									Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			487.5
									Festiniogian			489.2 *
			Jiangshanian						Festiniogian			489.5
			Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian			493.1 *
			Paibian						Maentwrogian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					St Davids				497
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan									504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai				509
		Series 2	Stage 3									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
																1400