PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Britain		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian								Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian								Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean								Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian								Late Miocene	7.246
				Serravallian								Middle Miocene	11.63
				Langhian								Middle Miocene	13.82
				Burdigalian								Early Miocene	15.98
				Aquitanian								Early Miocene	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian								Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian								Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian								Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian								Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian								Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Oteke	Puaroan		145
				Kimmeridgian						Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
										Kawhia	Ohauan		150
											Heterian		154.5
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Callovian							Temaikan		164.3
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Toarcian						Herangi	Ururoan		176
				Pliensbachian							Ururoan		184.2
				Pliensbachian							Aratauran		188.9
				Sinemurian									192.9
				Hettangian									199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
				Norian							Warepan		208.5
											Otamitan		217
											Oretian		221
				Carnian							Oretian		227
				Carnian						Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Kaihikuan		237
				Ladinian							Etalian		238
				Anisian							Etalian		242
				Anisian							Malakovian		246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian							Malakovian		247.2
				Olenekian							Nelsonian		249
Induan				251.2							Nelsonian
Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Buntsandstein	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian	Leine		Flettian	264.28
			Wordian	Leine		Barettian	266
			Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Kungurian			Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian			Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
							288.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
								Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
								Festiniogian			489.2 *
			Jiangshanian								489.5
										Steptoean	493 *
								Maentwrogian			493.1 *
			Paibian					Maentwrogian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				Caerfai		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3						Dyeran		514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
									Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										1000
		Ectasian										1200
		Calymmian										1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian										1600
		Orosirian										1800
		Rhyacian										2050
		Siderian		2300
Archean	Neoarchean			2500
	Mesoarchean			2800
	Paleoarchean			3200
	Eoarchean			3600
Hadean				4000
													4600