PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Permian Subages of Germany	Carboniferous of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian								Ionian				0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian									Pannonian			7.246
		Serravallian									Sarmatian			11.63
		Serravallian									Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein									254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller									259.51
		Wordian			Leine									264.28
		Roadian												266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
		Artinskian												283.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian												293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												298.9
		Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian								300 *
		Kasimovian				Xiaodushanian								303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
			Huashibanian	318.5 *
			Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Bolindian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Eastonian	Kralodvorian		449 *
							Eastonian	Berounian		449.7 *
							Gisbornian			452 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian					458.4
								Dobrotivian				458.5 *
								Oretanian				459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian					Yapeenian		Klabava †			467.3
							Yapeenian	Arenigian				468
							Castlemainian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian					470
							Bendigonian					471.8 *
							Lancefieldian					473.5 *
		Tremadocian					Lancefieldian	Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian					Warendian	Tremadocian				482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan					485.4
		Stage 10						Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						Festiniogian					489.5
		Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian					493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					St Davids						497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai						509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
														538.8