PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of North America						North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean										Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian										Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
												Hemingfordian					16.3
												Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian													Kekeamuan		27.82
												Whitneyan					29.5
												Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian				Bumbanian	47.8
												Wasatchian					50.5
												Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Clarkforkian			Gashatan		56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian			Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian										Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian	445.2
							Richmondian	446 *
							Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian		450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian		453
							Turinian		453.7 *
						Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian				480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
									Dolgellian/Trempealeauan					Sunwaptan	487.5
									Festiniogian						489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													489.5
														Steptoean	493 *
									Maentwrogian						493.1 *
		Paibian							Maentwrogian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						St Davids					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan											Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3											Dyeran		514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
													Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																	538.8