PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Britain		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Devonian of France	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian								Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian								Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian								Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †				2.58
				Zanclean									3.6
				Zanclean								Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian								Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian								Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian								Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian									15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian								Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian								Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian								Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian								Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian								Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian								Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian								Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian								Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian								Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian								Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian								Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Pragian			Coblencien	408.2 *
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
			Stage 10					Festiniogian	489.2 *
			Jiangshanian					Festiniogian	489.5
			Jiangshanian					Maentwrogian	493.1 *
			Paibian					Maentwrogian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids		Series 3 †	497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan		Stage 5 †					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai					509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									1000
		Ectasian									1200
		Calymmian									1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian									1600
		Orosirian									1800
		Rhyacian									2050
		Siderian									2300
Archean	Neoarchean										2500
	Mesoarchean										2800
	Paleoarchean										3200
	Eoarchean										3600
Hadean											4000
													4600