PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Germany	Cambrian of North America		European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6					0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian									MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian									MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean									MN 15	3.6
											MN 14	4.2
						Hemphillian					MN 14	4.7
											MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian									MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian									MN 12	7.246
											MN 11	7.75
											MN 10	8.7
						Clarendonian					MN 10	9.4
											MN 9	9.7
											MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian					Cenozoic 5					11.63
						Barstovian						12.5
											MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian									MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian									MN 4	15.98
						Hemingfordian					MN 4	16.3
						Hemingfordian					MN 3	16.9
						Arikareean					MN 3	18.5
											MN 2	20
		Aquitanian									MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian									MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4					23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
						Whitneyan						29.5
						Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian	Cenozoic 3					33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan	Cenozoic 2					41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian						47.8
						Wasatchian						50.5
						Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1					56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian				Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8					66
		Campanian					Cretaceous 7					72.1
		Santonian					Cretaceous 6					83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Cretaceous 4					100.5
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3					113
		Barremian					Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian		259.51
		Wordian	Midian		264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian	Permian 2	273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4	Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1	Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1	Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
						Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Sunwaptan	487.5
						Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								489.5
									Steptoean	493 *
						Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids			Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Cambrian 4	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3					Cambrian 2	Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					Cambrian 1			529
												538.8