PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128253 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean													0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian																					0.0042
		Greenlandian																					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean													0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean													0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian													0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian													0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan													1.4
		Gelasian																					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																				Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean																					3.6
		Zanclean								Hemphillian													4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																					5.333
		Tortonian																					7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian													9.4
		Serravallian								Clarendonian													11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian													12.5
		Langhian																					13.82
		Burdigalian																					15.98
										Hemingfordian													16.3
										Arikareean													18.5
		Aquitanian																					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																					23.03
		Rupelian																					27.82
										Whitneyan													29.5
										Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian													33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean													37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean													37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan													41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian													46.2
		Ypresian								Bridgerian													47.8
										Wasatchian													50.5
										Clarkforkian													54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian													56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian													56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian													59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian													60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian													61.6
		Danian								Puercan													63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																					66
		Campanian																					72.1
		Santonian																					83.6
		Coniacian																					86.3
		Turonian																					89.8
		Cenomanian																					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																					100.5
		Aptian																					113
		Barremian																					121.4
		Hauterivian																					125.77
		Valanginian																					132.6
		Berriasian																					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															Oteke	Puaroan					145
		Kimmeridgian															Oteke	Puaroan					149.2
																	Kawhia	Ohauan					150
																		Heterian					154.5
		Oxfordian																					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																					161.5
		Callovian																Temaikan					164.3
		Bathonian																					165.3
		Bajocian																					168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
				Puruhauan			254.2
				Puruhauan			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian	Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian		Flettian			264.28
						Barettian			266
			Murgabian						266.2 *
		Roadian		Kazanian			Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian			Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian	Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Mangapirian	Irenian/Ufimian		276
							Filipovian		276.5 *
			Bolorian				Filipovian		279.8
							Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian			Sarginian		283.5
						Telfordian	Sarginian		285
							Irginian		285.9 *
			Yakhtashian				Irginian		286
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
							Burtsevian		288.5
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Asselian			Shikhanian		293.52
							Uskalykian		294.8
							Surenian		297.5
							Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Kuzel	298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian								Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian								Cantabrian	307
									Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
									Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chokierian	323.2
										Arnsbergian	324 *
										Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean							Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
									Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
									Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian							Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian							Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli										Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian											438.5
													Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan			Clinton	440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian				Gamachian			Kosovian	443.8
		Katian										Gamachian			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
												Richmondian			Kralodvorian		446 *
												Richmondian			Berounian		449.7 *
												Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
												Edenian						450.4 *
								Mohawkian				Chatfieldian						451.1 *
		Sandbian										Chatfieldian						453
												Turinian						453.7 *
												Turinian						Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Whiterockian									Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
																Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian																			458.4
					Dobrotivian	458.5 *
					Oretanian	459.7 *
						Sarka †										461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †										467.3
					Arenigian											468
												Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian				Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †	470
		Floian	Tulean	473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Tulean	Tremadocian		477.7
			Stairsian			480.3 *
			Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Skullrockian	Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan													485.4
						Dolgellian/Trempealeauan													487.5
						Festiniogian													489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				Festiniogian													489.5
		Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian													493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian													494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids															Series 3 †	497
		Drumian																		500.5
		Wuliuan																		Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai																	509
	Series 2	Stage 3																			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																			529
																							538.8