PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian						Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
								Hemingfordian								16.3
								Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
								Whitneyan								29.5
								Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian								47.8
								Wasatchian								50.5
								Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian						Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian											100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian											113
		Aptian			Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian			Leine	264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian				443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
				Dobrotivian							458.5 *
				Oretanian							459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth							Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
											Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Sunwaptan	487.5
											Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													489.5
														Steptoean	493 *
											Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian									Maentwrogian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids								Middle Cambrian	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan											Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai								Early Cambrian	Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	514										Dyeran
			Montezuman										514.8 *
			Begadean										519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																538.8