PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cambrian of Siberia			Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene	Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian							Late Pliocene	Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene	Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene	Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian								Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian								Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene	Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian							Middle Miocene	Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene	Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian								Agenian	20
		Aquitanian								Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25				Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25				Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A					Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian		MP 16					Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian		MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11					Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian		MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7					Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		MP 6	MP 1 - 5				Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian				489.5
			Aksaian				490.7 *
			Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian					494
		Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian			Middle Cambrian	497
			Ayusokkanian				Arcadian	498.4
			Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan			Branchian	Early Cambrian	509
			Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
			Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian					514
			Atdabanian					515.6 *
			Atdabanian			Placentian		517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian					521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †				529
											538.8