PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran							0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Chibanian					Castlecliffian							0.34
				Calabrian					Castlecliffian							0.774
				Calabrian					Nukumaruan							1.63
				Gelasian					Nukumaruan							1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian							2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian							2.58
				Piacenzian					Waipipian							3
				Zanclean					Waipipian							3.6
				Zanclean					Opoitian							3.7
			Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan							7.2
				Tortonian					Tongaporutuan							7.246
				Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan							11.04
				Serravallian					Waiauan							11.63
				Serravallian					Lillburnian							13.05
				Langhian					Lillburnian							13.82
									Clifdenian							15.1
								Pareora	Altonian							15.9
				Burdigalian					Altonian							15.98
				Burdigalian					Otaian							18.7
				Aquitanian					Otaian							20.44
				Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian							21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian							23.03
									Duntroonian							25.2
									Whaingaroan							27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
								Arnold	Runangan							34.6
									Kaiatan							36.7
				Bartonian					Kaiatan							37.71
				Bartonian					Bortonian							39.1
				Lutetian					Bortonian							41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
									Heretaungan							45.7
				Ypresian					Heretaungan							47.8
									Mangaorapan							48.9
									Waipawan							52
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian							56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian			Lancian/Edmontonian				66
				Campanian					Haumurian			Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
				Santonian					Piripauan							83.6
				Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
									Mangaotanean							90.5
									Arowhanan							93.7
				Cenomanian					Arowhanan							93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
									Motuan							99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan							100.5
									Urutawan							103.3
								Taitai	Korangan							108.4
				Aptian					Korangan							113
				Aptian												117.5
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		145
			Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan		150
					Heterian		154.5
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Callovian		Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
			Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
			Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
			Norian		Warepan		208.5
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
			Carnian		Oretian		227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
			Ladinian		Etalian		238
			Anisian		Etalian		242
			Anisian		Malakovian		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		Vokhmian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian			249
			Induan		Nelsonian			251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
			Wordian		Flettian		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
			Wordian		Barettian		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		266
			Roadian				Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian			273.01
					Mangapirian			Cathedralian			276
								Hessian			281.9 *
			Artinskian								283.5
					Telfordian						285
					Telfordian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian			286.1 *
											288.5
			Sakmarian								290.1
			Asselian					Nealian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
			Visean								330.9
			Tournaisian								346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
			Pragian						Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian						Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian					427.4
			Homerian			Whitwellian					429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian									Pirgu	445.2
												Vormsi	449.6 *
												Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
											Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
												Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian									Keila	Idavere †	453
												Haljala		453.9
												Kukruse		456.4 *
												Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Uhaku		458.4
												Lasnamagi		458.9 *
												Aseri		460.4 *
											Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
												Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
												Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian									Volkhov			467.3
			Dapingian									Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian												470
													Latorp †		470.1 *
												Hunneberg			473.7 *
			Tremadocian									Hunneberg			477.7
												Varangu			481.3 *
												Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Pakerort	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian		498.4
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Branchian			509
		Stage 3								Branchian			514
		Stage 3								Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian					Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau	1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan	1375
																1400