PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of Western Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian										0.129
		Chibanian							Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian							Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian							Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian			3
		Zanclean							Waipipian			3.6
		Zanclean							Opoitian			3.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian							Tongaporutuan			7.246
		Tortonian						Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian							Waiauan			11.63
		Serravallian							Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian			13.82
									Clifdenian			15.1
								Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian							Altonian			15.98
		Burdigalian							Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Waitakian			23.03
									Duntroonian			25.2
									Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
								Arnold	Runangan			34.6
									Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian							Kaiatan			37.71
		Bartonian							Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian							Bortonian			41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
									Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian							Heretaungan			47.8
									Mangaorapan			48.9
									Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian			56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian	Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian							Haumurian	Judithian/Aquilan		72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
									Mangaotanean			90.5
									Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan			93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
									Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan			100.5
									Urutawan			103.3
								Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian							Korangan			113
		Aptian										117.5
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Tremadocian					477.7
		Tremadocian					Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian				489.5
							Aksaian		490.7 *
							Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian							494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian			497
			Arcadian				Ayusokkanian			498.4
							Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian				Amgan/Solvan			509
							Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
							Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian			514
							Atdabanian			515.6 *
			Placentian				Atdabanian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian			521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
												538.8