PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France	Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian										11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
						Hemingfordian										16.3
						Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
						Whitneyan										29.5
						Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian										47.8
						Wasatchian										50.5
						Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian				Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian											66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic											100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian											125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †			298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien			408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
						Dobrotivian							458.5 *
						Oretanian							459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ungurian	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Merioneth							Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10											Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												489.5
					Aksaian									490.7 *
					Sakian									492.2 *
													Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian											Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian	St Davids								497
					Ayusokkanian									Arcadian	498.4
															499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian										500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian										503
		Wuliuan			Tuesaian										504.5
		Wuliuan													505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				Branchian								Caerfai	509
					Toyonian										510 *
					Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian										514
					Atdabanian										515.6 *
					Atdabanian	Placentian									517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian										521
		Stage 2													525.5
		Fortunian	529
																538.8