PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carboniferous of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian								Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean								Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian								Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian								Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian								Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian								Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian								Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian								Agenian	20
		Aquitanian								Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian				Bumbanian					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan						56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Midian		259.51
		Wordian							Midian		264.28
		Wordian							Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian							Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian							Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian							Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian							Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †					Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian							298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian							303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10			Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian			Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids		Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian		Caerfai	Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 3		Branchian				514
		Stage 3		Placentian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8