PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian				100.5
						Middle Albian				106.2 *
						Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian				113
		Aptian				Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian				139.8
						Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
						Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian				174.7
						Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
						Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian				Sevatian				208.5
						Alaunian				213.2 *
						Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian				227
		Carnian				Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian				237
		Ladinian				Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian				242
						Pelsonian				243.8 *
						Bithynian				244.7 *
						Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian				251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian						264.9 *
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian						276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian						283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian						287.6 *
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian						303.7
			Khamovnikian	304.8
			Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Podolskian		308.9 *
			Kashirian		311.4 *
			Vereian		313.8
			Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
			Cheremshanian		316.9 *
			Prikamian		318.6 *
			Severokeltmian		319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
			Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	Late Mississippian	323.2
			Protvian		324.4 *
			Steshevian		326.8 *
			Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Venevian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Mikhailovian		331.9 *
			Aleksinian		333.7 *
			Tulian		335.8 *
			Bobrikian		339.9 *
			Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	Early Mississippian	346.7
			Kizelian		350.7 *
			Cherepetian		351.9 *
			Karakubian		354.4 *
			Upinian		356.3 *
			Malevkian		357.6 *
			Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						489.5
					Aksaian			490.7 *
					Sakian			492.2 *
							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
					Ayusokkanian			Arcadian	498.4
									499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan			Tuesaian	Topazan			504.5
						Topazan			505.3
						Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Branchian	Waucoban †	509
					Toyonian				510 *
					Toyonian	Dyeran			511 *
					Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3							514
						Montezuman			514.8 *
					Atdabanian				515.6 *
							Placentian		517.1
						Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian				521
		Stage 2							525.5
		Fortunian							529
										538.8