PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Salt Range	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of North America					European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene													0.129
				Calabrian			Early Pleistocene													0.774
				Gelasian			Early Pleistocene													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene												Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian			Late Pliocene												Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean			Early Pliocene												Ruscinian	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene												Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian															Turolian	7.246
				Tortonian															Vallesian	8.7
				Serravallian			Middle Miocene												Astaracian	11.63
				Langhian			Middle Miocene												Astaracian	13.82
				Burdigalian			Early Miocene												Orleanian	15.98
				Burdigalian															Agenian	20
				Aquitanian															Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene													23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene													27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene													33.9
				Bartonian			Middle Eocene													37.71
				Lutetian			Middle Eocene													41.2
				Ypresian			Early Eocene													47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene													56
				Selandian			Middle Paleocene													59.2
				Danian			Early Paleocene													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
				Kimmeridgian																149.2
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian								Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites								168.2
				Bajocian									Humphresianum							168.4
				Aalenian								Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense							174.7
												Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons								180.1
												Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum								182
				Pliensbachian								Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni								184.2
				Sinemurian								Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi								192.9
				Hettangian								Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
				Norian																208.5
				Carnian																227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
				Induan																251.2
				Induan		Kathwai														251.5 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai														251.902
																				252.4 *
						Chhidru														252.9 *
				Wuchiapingian		Chhidru														254.14
						Kalabagh														255 *
						Wargal														256 *
Guadalupian			Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
					265.3 *
				Amb	266.1 *
			Roadian	Amb	266.9
			Roadian		270.7 *
Cisuralian			Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Kasimovian		303.7
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian	Cazenovian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian				Kralodvorian		Gamachian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Kralodvorian		Richmondian		446 *
							Berounian		Richmondian		449.7 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian			449.8 *
									Edenian					450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
			Sandbian						Chatfieldian					453
									Turinian					453.7 *
									Turinian					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Whiterockian			Canadian †			Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
										Liben †							458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian														458.4
							Dobrotivian						458.5 *
							Oretanian						459.7 *
										Sarka †					461.7 *
			Dapingian							Klabava †					467.3
							Arenigian								468
									Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †	470
			Floian						Tulean							473.9 *
			Tremadocian				Tremadocian		Tulean							477.7
									Stairsian							480.3 *
									Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian							485.4
			Stage 10													487.5
	Jiangshanian		489.5
	Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
		Guzhangian	Arcadian													498.4
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian													509
		Stage 3	Branchian													514
		Stage 3	Placentian													517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian															Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian															Karatau	1000
		Stenian															Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian															Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian															Burzyan	1375
																				1400