PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Salt Range	Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of Australia	Carboniferous of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Carboniferous of Western Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene				3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian						Late Miocene				7.246
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene				11.63
		Langhian						Middle Miocene				13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene				15.98
		Aquitanian						Early Miocene				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian						Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
		Bajocian								Humphresianum		168.4
		Aalenian							Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
									Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
									Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian							Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian							Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian							Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
		Induan										251.2
		Induan		Kathwai								251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai								251.902
												252.4 *
				Chhidru								252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Chhidru								254.14
				Kalabagh								255 *
				Wargal								256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
												265.3 *
			Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb	266.9
		Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian		Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian		298.9
						Xiaodushanian	300 *
					Stephanian		Stephanian C				300.3 *
							Stephanian B				300.9 *
							Stephanian A				301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Missourian			Stephanian A				303.7
							Cantabrian				305 *
						Dalaun					305.8 *
				Desmoinesian							305.9 *
		Moscovian									307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D				307.4 *
							Westphalian C				309.8
				Atokan			Westphalian C				312.7 *
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
				Morrowan				318.4 *
						Huashibanian		318.5 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian		Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
						Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Jiusian		335 *
				Meramecian				335.8 *
					Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
				Osagean	Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean	Tangbagouan	Ivorian		346.7
				Kinderhookian		Ivorian		351.9 *
				Kinderhookian		Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Bolindian	445.2
								Eastonian	449 *
								Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian						Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian					467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian					470
			Bendigonian					471.8 *
			Lancefieldian					473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian					477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian					482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran			514
								Montezuman			514.8 *
								Montezuman	Placentian		517.1
								Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
												538.8