PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Pamirs	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Devonian of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian					0.0117
		Chibanian								Ionian					0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian										100.5
					Middle Albian										106.2 *
					Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian										113
		Aptian			Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian										139.8
					Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
					Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian										174.7
					Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
					Early Toarcian										182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian			Sevatian										208.5
					Alaunian										213.2 *
					Lacian										216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian										227
		Carnian			Julian										233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian										237
		Ladinian			Fassanian										239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian										242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian				Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian	Midian				Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian				Urzhumian	266.2 *
		Roadian			Kazanian		Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian		Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian		Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
			Kubergandian				Filipovian	276.5 *
			Bolorian				Filipovian	279.8
							Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian		Sarginian	283.5
							Irginian	285.9 *
			Yakhtashian				Irginian	286
			Yakhtashian				Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian		Asselian		Shikhanian	293.52
							Uskalykian	294.8
							Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian			Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian				Bolindian			Chientangkiangian			445.2
						Eastonian			Chientangkiangian			449 *
						Eastonian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
						Gisbornian						452 *
		Sandbian				Gisbornian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian				Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian				Yapeenian			Dapingian			467.3
		Dapingian				Castlemainian			Dapingian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian			Yiyangian			470
						Bendigonian						471.8 *
						Lancefieldian						473.5 *
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian			477.7
											Lianghekou †	477.9 *
						Warendian					Lianghekou †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian								Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan										504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran										506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran								Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran										511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran										514
				Montezuman										514.8 *
				Montezuman								Placentian		517.1
				Begadean										519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8