PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean																0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean																0.0004
		Northgrippian																				0.0042
		Greenlandian																				0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean																0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean																0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian																0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian																0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan																1.4
		Gelasian																				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †					2.58
		Zanclean																				3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian																4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																				5.333
		Tortonian																				7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian																9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian																11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian																12.5
		Langhian																				13.82
		Burdigalian																				15.98
						Hemingfordian																16.3
						Arikareean																18.5
		Aquitanian																				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																				23.03
		Rupelian																				27.82
						Whitneyan																29.5
						Orellan																31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian																33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean																37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean																37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan																39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan																41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian																46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian																47.8
						Wasatchian																50.5
						Clarkforkian																54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian																56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian																56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian																59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian																60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian																61.6
		Danian				Puercan																63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																				66
		Campanian																				72.1
		Santonian																				83.6
		Coniacian																				86.3
		Turonian																				89.8
		Cenomanian																				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																				100.5
		Aptian																				113
		Barremian																				121.4
		Hauterivian																				125.77
		Valanginian																				132.6
		Berriasian																				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Kimmeridgian										Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
												Kawhia	Ohauan									150
													Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian																				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				161.5
		Callovian											Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian																				165.3
		Bajocian																				168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Longtanian †		254.14
				Puruhauan			254.2
				Puruhauan			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian				259.51
		Wordian	Urzhumian		Flettian				264.28
		Wordian	Urzhumian		Barettian				266
		Roadian	Kazanian				Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian				Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian				Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
					Mangapirian		Irenian/Ufimian		276
							Filipovian		276.5 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian				Sarginian		283.5
					Telfordian		Sarginian		285
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
							Burtsevian		288.5
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian				Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian				Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian				Shikhanian		293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian			Gamachian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
										Richmondian		Kralodvorian		446 *
										Richmondian		Berounian		449.7 *
										Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian					450.4 *
							Mohawkian			Chatfieldian					451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian					453
										Turinian					453.7 *
										Turinian					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Whiterockian							Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
													Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian																458.4
												Dobrotivian						458.5 *
												Oretanian						459.7 *
													Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian											Klabava †					467.3
												Arenigian						468
										Rangerian								469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †							Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean										473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				Tremadocian						477.7
								Stairsian										480.3 *
								Skullrockian									Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian										485.4
		Stage 10																487.5
		Jiangshanian																489.5
		Paibian																494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian																Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian																	Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian																		500.5
		Wuliuan																		Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian															509
		Stage 3		Branchian															514
		Stage 3		Placentian															517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																	529
																						538.8