PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Silurian of England		Devonian of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of the Russian Platform		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian												Lujanian				0.129
														Ensenadan				0.3 *
																	Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian															Castlecliffian	0.774
																	Nukumaruan	1.63
														Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian																1.8
		Gelasian															Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Vorohuean				2.58
														Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
																	Waipipian	3
		Zanclean															Waipipian	3.6
														Montehermosan			Opoitian	3.7 *
														Huayquerian			Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian															Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
														Chasicoan				7.9 *
														Mayoan				9.9 *
														Laventan				10.9 *
																Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian															Waiauan	11.63
																	Lillburnian	13.05
														Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian																13.82
																	Clifdenian	15.1
														Friasian			Clifdenian	15.4 *
																Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian																15.98
														Santacrucian				16.2 *
														Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
																	Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian																20.44
														Deseadan				20.9 *
																Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															Waitakian	23.03
																	Duntroonian	25.2
																	Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
		Rupelian												Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
																Arnold	Runangan	34.6
														Divisaderan			Runangan	35.9 *
																	Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian															Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian															Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian																41.2
														Mustersan				41.9 *
																Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
																	Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian																47.8
														Casamayoran				47.9 *
																	Mangaorapan	48.9
																	Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Riochican			Teurian	56
														Itaboraian				56.9 *
														Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
		Danian												Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic		Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian				Korangan	113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
							Planulata			179.3 *
										Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
											180.1
							Kanense				181.3 *
							Kanense	Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
							Carlottense				182.3 *
							Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian					Kunae	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
							Freboldi				185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian						Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian					Franziceras/Euphyllites	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
		Wuchiapingian										254.14
		Wuchiapingian										Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian											Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian										Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian										Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
													Filipovian	276.5 *
													Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian										Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
													Irginian	285.9 *
			Burtsevian										287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian									Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian									Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian									Shikhanian	293.52
												Uskalykian	294.8
												Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian											307
		Bashkirian											315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian											323.2
		Visean											330.9
		Tournaisian											346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian											Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian											Adorf	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian							Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian								393.3
		Pragian				Siegen								407.6
		Pragian				Siegen							Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine									419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton									421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood									423
		Gorstian												425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas									426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas									427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope									428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian												430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian												433.4
		Telychian												436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Branchian	509
		Stage 3					Branchian	514
		Stage 3					Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
																		538.8