PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean						0
				Meghalayan			Santarosean						0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene		0.0117
				Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean				Late Pleistocene		0.014
				Chibanian			Rancholabrean				Middle Pleistocene		0.129
				Chibanian			Irvingtonian				Middle Pleistocene		0.21
				Calabrian			Irvingtonian				Early Pleistocene		0.774
				Calabrian			Blancan						1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene		2.58
				Zanclean							Early Pliocene		3.6
				Zanclean			Hemphillian				Early Pliocene		4.7
			Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene		5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian			Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian			Clarendonian				Middle Miocene		11.63
				Serravallian			Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian							Early Miocene		15.98
							Hemingfordian						16.3
							Arikareean						18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene		23.03
				Rupelian							Early Oligocene		27.82
							Whitneyan						29.5
							Orellan						31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian				Late Eocene		33.9
				Priabonian			Duchesnean				Late Eocene		37
				Bartonian			Duchesnean				Middle Eocene		37.71
				Bartonian			Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian			Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian			Bridgerian						46.2
				Ypresian			Bridgerian				Early Eocene		47.8
							Wasatchian						50.5
							Clarkforkian						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian				Late Paleocene		56
				Thanetian			Tiffanian				Late Paleocene		56.2
				Selandian			Tiffanian				Middle Paleocene		59.2
				Selandian			Torrejonian				Middle Paleocene		60.9
				Danian			Torrejonian				Early Paleocene		61.6
				Danian			Puercan				Early Paleocene		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian	Autunian	283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Gzhelian		Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian		Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian		Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian		Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean		Shangsian	330.9
			Visean		Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian		393.3
			Pragian			Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian					Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian				Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan				Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan				Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4				Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3				Dyeran		514
							Montezuman		514.8 *
							Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
		Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										1000
		Ectasian										1200
		Calymmian										1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian										1600
		Orosirian										1800
		Rhyacian										2050
		Siderian										2300
Archean	Neoarchean											2500
	Mesoarchean											2800
	Paleoarchean			3200
	Eoarchean			3600
Hadean				4000
													4600