PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian of North America			Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian										Late Miocene			7.246
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene			11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene			13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene			15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian						Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian				Bumbanian						Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan							Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian													254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian													259.51
		Wordian													264.28
		Roadian													266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
		Artinskian													283.5
		Sakmarian													290.1
		Asselian													293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian													298.9
		Kasimovian													303.7
		Moscovian													307
		Bashkirian													315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Lockportian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Ontarian			433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
						Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan	Clinton	440.1 *
					440.7 *
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian	445.2
							Richmondian	446 *
							Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian		450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian		453
							Turinian		453.7 *
						Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian				480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			485.4
						Sunwaptan				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				487.5
										Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												489.5
						Steptoean								493 *
										Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian		Albertian †	St Davids					497
		Drumian				Marjumian								500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan								504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran		Waucoban †	Caerfai					509
		Stage 4				Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran								514
						Montezuman								514.8 *
						Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8