PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of China			Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian												Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian				Castlecliffian								Ionian	0.34
		Calabrian				Castlecliffian									0.774
		Calabrian				Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian					Tertiary †				2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian									3
		Zanclean				Waipipian									3.6
		Zanclean				Opoitian									3.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian				Tongaporutuan									7.246
		Tortonian			Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian				Waiauan									11.63
		Serravallian				Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian									13.82
						Clifdenian									15.1
					Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian				Altonian									15.98
		Burdigalian				Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian									23.03
						Duntroonian									25.2
						Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
					Arnold	Runangan									34.6
						Kaiatan									36.7
		Bartonian				Kaiatan									37.71
		Bartonian				Bortonian									39.1
		Lutetian				Bortonian									41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
						Heretaungan									45.7
		Ypresian				Heretaungan									47.8
						Mangaorapan									48.9
						Waipawan									52
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian									56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian									66
		Campanian				Haumurian									72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan									83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan									86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
						Mangaotanean									90.5
						Arowhanan									93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan									93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
						Motuan									99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan									100.5
						Urutawan									103.3
					Taitai	Korangan									108.4
		Aptian				Korangan									113
		Aptian													117.5
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian							Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian							Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan						485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian			Albertian †						Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian										500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan	Stage 5 †									504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran	Stage 5 †									506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †									509
		Stage 4	Dyeran										511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran										514
			Montezuman										514.8 *
			Begadean										519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
															538.8