PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Germany
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
		Bartonian													Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian														Bumbanian			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Gashatan				56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian																	192.9
		Hettangian																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																	259.51
		Wordian																	264.28
		Roadian																	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																	273.01
		Artinskian																	283.5
		Sakmarian																	290.1
		Asselian															Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian												Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian															Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian															Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian												Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian												Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian												Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian												Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian												Chesterian		323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian												Chesterian		330.9
																	Meramecian		335.8 *
																	Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian												Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian												Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian																Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian																Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian																Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian	Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani			433.4
		Telychian	Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
							Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
						Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
							Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †	453
							Haljala		453.9
							Kukruse		456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku		458.4
							Lasnamagi		458.9 *
							Aseri		460.4 *
						Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg			477.7
							Varangu			481.3 *
							Pakerort			482.2 *
										Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Jiangshanian			489.5
										Aksaian						490.7 *
										Sakian						492.2 *
															Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Paibian			494
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian		Albertian †	Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian									Mayan/Menevian			Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian									Mayan/Menevian			Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan			Amgan/Solvan			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran						Wuliuan/Taijangian		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Waucoban †				Duyunian		509
					Toyonian						Lenian †	510 *
					Toyonian			Dyeran				511 *
					Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3										Nangaoian		514
								Montezuman						514.8 *
					Atdabanian			Montezuman						515.6 *
					Atdabanian			Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian	Meishucunian							521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian									Manykaian †	529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian						Manykaian †	530.7
																			538.8