PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of North America		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of Western Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Britain		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean							0
				Meghalayan						Santarosean							0.0004
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean							0.014
				Chibanian						Rancholabrean							0.129
				Chibanian						Irvingtonian							0.21
				Calabrian						Irvingtonian							0.774
				Calabrian						Blancan							1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †		2.58
				Zanclean													3.6
				Zanclean						Hemphillian							4.7
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Tortonian						Clarendonian							9.4
				Serravallian						Clarendonian							11.63
				Serravallian						Barstovian							12.5
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
										Hemingfordian							16.3
										Arikareean							18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
				Rupelian													27.82
										Whitneyan							29.5
										Orellan							31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian							33.9
				Priabonian						Duchesnean							37
				Bartonian						Duchesnean							37.71
				Bartonian						Uintan							39.7
				Lutetian						Uintan							41.2
				Lutetian						Bridgerian							46.2
				Ypresian						Bridgerian							47.8
										Wasatchian							50.5
										Clarkforkian							54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian							56
				Thanetian						Tiffanian							56.2
				Selandian						Tiffanian							59.2
				Selandian						Torrejonian							60.9
				Danian						Torrejonian							61.6
				Danian						Puercan							63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes		259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian	Autunian		283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
			Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian				Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
			Telychian					Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan						Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Sunwaptan	487.5
					Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								489.5
										Steptoean	493 *
					Maentwrogian						493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian		Albertian †				St Davids		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan									Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran	506.5								Stage 5 †
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †	Caerfai							509
		Stage 4	Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran									514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																	635