PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene												Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene												Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene												Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene												Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian															Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian															Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene									Tertiary †			Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene												Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene												Chapadmalalan				3.6
																	Montehermosan				3.7 *
																	Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene																5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
																	Chasicoan				7.9 *
																	Mayoan				9.9 *
																	Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene		Cenozoic 5										Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian															Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian															Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian															Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene												Friasian				15.98
																	Santacrucian				16.2 *
																	Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian															Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian															Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene		Cenozoic 4														23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene																27.82
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene												Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene		Cenozoic 3										Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene												Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene																37.71
		Lutetian					Cenozoic 2														41.2
		Lutetian															Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian			Early Eocene												Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian			Early Eocene												Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene		Cenozoic 1										Riochican				56
																	Itaboraian				56.9 *
																	Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene																59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene																61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene												Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8						Senonian								66
		Campanian					Cretaceous 7														72.1
		Santonian					Cretaceous 6														83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Cretaceous 4						Gallic								100.5
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3														113
		Barremian					Cretaceous 2														121.4
		Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2						Neocomian								125.77
		Valanginian					Cretaceous 1														132.6
		Berriasian					Cretaceous 1														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6												Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5												Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
																			Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																				Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Callovian																		Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian					Jurassic 4														165.3
		Bajocian	168.2				Jurassic 4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi		Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour		Otapirian	201.4
		Norian				Warepan	208.5
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian				Etalian	238
		Anisian				Etalian	242
		Anisian				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan				Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
						Puruhauan		254.2
						Puruhauan		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian			Aparima		Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian					Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Urzhumian					Barettian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3	Kazanian				Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3	Kazanian				Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kungurian				Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
								Irenian/Ufimian	Mangapirian	276
								Filipovian		276.5 *
								Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian				Sarginian		283.5
								Sarginian	Telfordian	285
								Irginian		285.9 *
								Burtsevian		287.8 *
								Burtsevian		288.5
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian				Shikhanian		293.52
					Uskalykian			294.8
					Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian	Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2						470
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1						477.7
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1						Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan						Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
											Aksaian				490.7 *
											Sakian				492.2 *
														Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian						Albertian †	Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian			Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian										Mayan/Menevian				499.5
		Drumian										Mayan/Menevian				500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan		Cambrian 3					Amgan/Solvan	Stage 5 †				504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran								Stage 5 †				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Waucoban †						509
											Toyonian		Lenian †			510 *
				Dyeran							Toyonian					511 *
											Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3				Cambrian 2										514
				Montezuman												514.8 *
				Montezuman							Atdabanian					515.6 *
				Begadean							Atdabanian					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Tommotian					521
		Stage 2									Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian				Cambrian 1					Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †			529
																					538.8