PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian								Ionian		0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian										11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Senonian	66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian					Gallic	100.5
						Middle Albian						106.2 *
						Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian						113
		Aptian				Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian						139.8
						Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
						Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian						174.7
						Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
						Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian				Sevatian						208.5
						Alaunian						213.2 *
						Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian						227
		Carnian				Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian						237
		Ladinian				Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian						242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	Mapingian †		298.9
					Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
								Cantabrian	305 *
									305.9
		Moscovian							307
					Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani		433.4
		Telychian					Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan						Datsonian	485.4
									Payntonian	486.8 *
									Payntonian	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Iverian	Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian		Steptoean					Iverian	493 *
		Paibian		Steptoean					Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †					Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian							Boomerangian	499
		Drumian							Undillan	500.5
		Drumian							Floran	503
		Wuliuan	Topazan						Templetonian	504.5
			Delamaran						Templetonian	506.5
									Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Waucoban †					Ordian	509
										510.8 *
			Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran			514
			Montezuman			514.8 *
			Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
												538.8