PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Silurian of England		Ordovician of the Baltic			Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian				100.5
										Middle Albian				106.2 *
										Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian				113
		Aptian								Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian				139.8
										Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
										Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian				174.7
										Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
										Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian								Sevatian				208.5
										Alaunian				213.2 *
										Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian				227
		Carnian								Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian				237
		Ladinian								Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian				242
										Pelsonian				243.8 *
										Bithynian				244.7 *
										Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian								Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan								Dienerian				251.2
		Induan								Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												259.51
		Wordian												264.28
		Roadian												266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
		Artinskian												283.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian												293.52
		Asselian										Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										Kuzel		298.9
												Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
													Stephanian B	300.9 *
													Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	303.7										Stephanian A
		Kasimovian	Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Cantabrian	307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
				Westphalian C	309.8
				Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B	315.2
				Westphalian A	317 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
				Marsdenian	320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
				Alportian	322 *
				Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian	323.2
				Arnsbergian	324 *
				Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
						Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
						Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
					Wych	Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
							Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
							Adavere	434 *
								436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
							Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku		458.4
								Lasnamagi		458.9 *
								Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg			477.7
								Varangu			481.3 *
								Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Waucoban †					Delamaran			509
		Stage 4							Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3	514						Dyeran
			Montezuman						514.8 *
			Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
														538.8