PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Silurian of England		Permian Subages of Germany	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of China	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian						Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian						Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
									Monroecreekian					23.1 *
									Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian							Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian												37
		Bartonian												37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian		100.5
												Middle Albian		106.2 *
												Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian		113
		Aptian										Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian		139.8
												Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
												Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian										Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
			Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian	208.5
			Alaunian	213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian	Leine		264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
						Xiaodushanian	300 *
					Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
							Cantabrian	305 *
						Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian						307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
						Huashibanian	Westphalian A	318.5 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
						Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Warnantian	Jiusian	Brigantian †	335 *
					Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan	Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
									Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
									Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
								Wych	Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
										Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Jaani	433.4
										Adavere	434 *
											436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
				Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
								Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran			514
								Montezuman			514.8 *
								Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
														538.8