PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Silurian of the Baltic	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe	Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene				MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene				MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian					Late Pliocene				MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene				MN 15	3.6
											MN 14	4.2
											MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene				MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian									MN 12	7.246
											MN 11	7.75
											MN 10	8.7
											MN 9	9.7
											MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene				MN 7 + 8	11.63
		Serravallian									MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian									MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene				MN 4	15.98
											MN 3	16.9
											MN 2	20
		Aquitanian									MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian									MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Zechstein				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian		Bursumian †	Kuzel			297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	Kuzel			298.9
					Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Missourian				Stephanian A	303.7
				Missourian				Cantabrian	305 *
				Desmoinesian					305.9 *
		Moscovian							307
					Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
				Atokan				Westphalian C	312.7 *
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
				Morrowan				Westphalian A	318.4 *
					Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian				Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
				Meramecian	Warnantian		335.8 *	Brigantian †
					Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
				Osagean	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean	Ivorian		346.7
				Kinderhookian	Ivorian		351.9 *
				Kinderhookian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani		433.4
		Telychian					Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian	494							Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian						Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran						Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran							514
			Montezuman							514.8 *
			Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8