PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of North America		Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian Subages of Germany	South American Land Mammal Ages		Precambrian of Russia	Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran					Cenozoic 6			0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian						0.0117
				Chibanian							Lujanian						0.129
											Ensenadan						0.3 *
									Castlecliffian								0.34
				Calabrian					Castlecliffian								0.774
									Nukumaruan								1.63
											Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
				Gelasian													1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian								2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean						2.58
											Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
									Waipipian								3
				Zanclean					Waipipian								3.6
									Opoitian		Montehermosan						3.7 *
									Opoitian		Huayquerian						4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan								7.2
				Tortonian													7.246
											Chasicoan						7.9 *
											Mayoan						9.9 *
											Laventan						10.9 *
								Southland	Waiauan								11.04
				Serravallian					Waiauan					Cenozoic 5			11.63
									Lillburnian								13.05
											Colloncuran						13.7 *
				Langhian													13.82
									Clifdenian								15.1
									Clifdenian		Friasian						15.4 *
								Pareora	Altonian								15.9
				Burdigalian													15.98
											Santacrucian						16.2 *
											Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
									Otaian								18.7
				Aquitanian													20.44
											Deseadan						20.9 *
								Landon	Waitakian								21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian					Cenozoic 4			23.03
									Duntroonian								25.2
									Whaingaroan								27.3
				Rupelian													27.82
				Rupelian							Tinguirirican						28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian										Cenozoic 3			33.9
								Arnold	Runangan								34.6
									Runangan		Divisaderan						35.9 *
									Kaiatan								36.7
				Bartonian					Kaiatan								37.71
				Bartonian					Bortonian								39.1
				Lutetian										Cenozoic 2			41.2
											Mustersan						41.9 *
								Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
									Heretaungan								45.7
				Ypresian													47.8
											Casamayoran						47.9 *
									Mangaorapan								48.9
									Waipawan								52
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian		Riochican			Cenozoic 1			56
											Itaboraian						56.9 *
											Peligran						58.9 *
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
				Danian							Tiupampan						62.4 *
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		Cretaceous 8	66
			Campanian		Haumurian		Cretaceous 7	72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan		Cretaceous 6	83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
			Coniacian					86.3
			Turonian					89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan		Cretaceous 5	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		Cretaceous 4	100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
			Aptian		Korangan		Cretaceous 3	113
			Aptian				Cretaceous 3	117.5
			Barremian				Cretaceous 2	121.4
			Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2	125.77
			Valanginian				Cretaceous 1	132.6
			Berriasian				Cretaceous 1	139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6	145
			Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5	149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian				Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian				Jurassic 4	168.2
			Aalenian				Jurassic 3	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Jurassic 3	174.7
			Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian				Triassic 4	208.5
			Carnian				Triassic 3	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				Triassic 2	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein	Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Buntsandstein		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller		259.51
			Wordian				Leine		264.28
			Roadian					Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian					Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian					Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean					Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian						Devonian 1	407.6
			Pragian					Coblencien		408.2 *
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian			Wych				Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						Silurian 1		433.4
			Telychian								436.3 *
			Aeronian								438.5
			Aeronian			Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
			Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5					Kosovian	443.8
			Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian			Ordovician 4							453
					Zahorany †/Vinice								Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †									458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3								458.4
											Dobrotivian			458.5 *
											Oretanian			459.7 *
				Sarka †									461.7 *
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Klabava †							467.3
			Dapingian								Arenigian		468
		Early Ordovician	Floian								Arenigian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadocian							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Cambrian 5								485.4
			Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian											Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian		Albertian †								Cambrian 4	497
			Drumian	Marjumian										Cambrian 4	500.5
			Wuliuan	Topazan										Cambrian 3	504.5
			Wuliuan	Delamaran											506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran		Waucoban †									509
			Stage 4	Dyeran											511 *
			Stage 3	Dyeran										Cambrian 2	514
				Montezuman											514.8 *
Begadean				519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian					Karatau								800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau								1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian								1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian								1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan								1375
																	1400