PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America	European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian Subages of Germany	Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian				MN 17					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				MN 16				Villanyian	2.58
						MN 16				Ruscinian	3.1 *
						MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean				MN 15					3.6
						MN 14					4.2
						MN 13					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				MN 13				Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian				MN 12					7.246
						MN 11					7.75
						MN 10				Vallesian	8.7
						MN 9					9.7
						MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian				MN 7 + 8				Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian				MN 6					12.8 *
		Langhian				MN 5					13.82
		Burdigalian				MN 4				Orleanian	15.98
						MN 3				Orleanian	16.9
						MN 2				Agenian	20
		Aquitanian				MN 2					20.44
		Aquitanian				MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
		Bartonian									37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Buntsandstein	Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Buntsandstein	Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller	Midian		259.51
		Wordian						Leine	Midian		264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian	266.2 *				Leine
		Roadian	Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian				307
		Moscovian	Atokan				312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan				315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan				318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian				323.2
		Visean	Chesterian				330.9
			Meramecian				335.8 *
			Osagean				343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean				346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian				351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran	Waucoban †	Branchian	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran			514
							Montezuman			514.8 *
							Montezuman		Placentian	517.1
				Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
											538.8