PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Silurian of the Baltic
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian						100.5
							Middle Albian						106.2 *
							Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian						113
		Aptian					Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian						139.8
							Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
							Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian						174.7
							Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
							Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian					Sevatian						208.5
							Alaunian						213.2 *
							Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian						227
		Carnian					Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian						237
		Ladinian					Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian						242
							Pelsonian						243.8 *
							Bithynian						244.7 *
							Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian						247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian						251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian						251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
		Wuchiapingian											254.14
		Wuchiapingian							Tatarian	Vyatkian			256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian								Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian							Kazanian	Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian							Kazanian	Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
										Filipovian			276.5 *
										Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian							Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
										Irginian			285.9 *
										Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *					Sakmarian
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
				Uskalykian	294.8
				Surenian	297.5
				Surenian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C			300.3 *
						Stephanian B			300.9 *
						Stephanian A			301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A			303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian			305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian			307
					Westphalian	Westphalian D			307.4 *
						Westphalian C			309.8
						Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B			315.2
						Westphalian A			317 *
					Namurian	Yeadonian			318.8 *
						Marsdenian			320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
						Alportian			322 *
						Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian			323.2
						Arnsbergian		324 *
						Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
					Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian						Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani		433.4
		Telychian						Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian						Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					440.8	Raikkula
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Waucoban †	Branchian				Delamaran		509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
				Placentian				Montezuman		517.1
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
													538.8