PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Permian of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian														Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian															11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian											33.9
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan											37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan											56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian												251.902
		Changhsingian			Baoqingian												253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian									Longtanian †			254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Laibinian									Longtanian †			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan												259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian												264.28
		Roadian			Kuhfengian												266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian												273.01
		Artinskian			Luodianian												283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian												285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian												290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian												293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian															298.9
			Xiaodushanian	300 *
					300.1
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
			Huashibanian		318.5 *
			Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian		323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian		330.9
		Visean	Jiusian		335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian			Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku		458.4
								Lasnamagi		458.9 *
								Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg			477.7
								Varangu			481.3 *
								Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Marjumian			Albertian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan					Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran					Stage 5 †	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Delamaran			Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4							Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3		514					Dyeran
				Montezuman					514.8 *
				Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
																	538.8