PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of Western Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian											Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian												11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			Zechstein						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			Rotliegendes						259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian									264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
		Artinskian						Autunian						283.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian												293.52
		Asselian				Kuzel								297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel			Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C							300.3 *
							Stephanian B							300.9 *
			Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian	Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Cantabrian	Middle Pennsylvanian			307
			Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
			Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †		Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian			Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian			Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill		Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenig		Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Fennian			470
									Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc		Migneintian		477.7
					Tremadoc		Cressagian		480.8 *
									485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan				487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan				489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †			497
		Drumian						Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4						Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran				514
								Montezuman				514.8 *
								Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8