PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Permian of the Pamirs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of North America						North American Land Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean			0.129
														Irvingtonian			0.21
						Ensenadan											0.3 *
		Calabrian															0.774
														Blancan			1.4
						Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean											2.58
		Piacenzian				Chapadmalalan											2.9 *
		Zanclean				Chapadmalalan											3.6
						Montehermosan											3.7 *
						Montehermosan								Hemphillian			4.7
						Huayquerian											4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
						Chasicoan											7.9 *
						Chasicoan								Clarendonian			9.4
						Mayoan											9.9 *
						Laventan											10.9 *
		Serravallian															11.63
														Barstovian			12.5
						Colloncuran											13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran											13.82
		Langhian				Friasian											15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Friasian											15.98
						Santacrucian											16.2 *
						Santacrucian								Hemingfordian			16.3
						Colhuehuapian								Hemingfordian			17.4 *
														Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian				Deseadan											20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian													Kekeamuan		27.82
						Tinguirirican											28.9 *
														Whitneyan			29.5
														Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian												Chadronian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
						Divisaderan								Chadronian			35.9 *
														Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian												Duchesnean	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
						Mustersan											41.9 *
														Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian														Bumbanian	47.8
						Casamayoran											47.9 *
														Wasatchian			50.5
														Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Riochican								Clarkforkian	Gashatan		56
						Riochican								Tiffanian			56.2
						Itaboraian											56.9 *
						Peligran											58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian															61.6
						Tiupampan											62.4 *
						Tiupampan								Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	100.5
		Aptian	113
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian	259.51
		Wordian	Midian	264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien			408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian	445.2
							Richmondian	446 *
							Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian		450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian		453
							Turinian		453.7 *
						Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian				480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan							487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan							489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean							493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian		Albertian †					497
		Drumian				Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran		Waucoban †					509
		Stage 4				Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran							514
						Montezuman							514.8 *
						Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																	538.8