PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128254 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Tarantian		Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian					Ionian		Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene										0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean							Early Pliocene										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian							Late Miocene										7.246
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene										11.63
		Langhian							Middle Miocene										13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene										15.98
		Aquitanian							Early Miocene										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Early Oligocene										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene										33.9
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian							Middle Eocene										41.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene										56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites														168.2
		Bajocian				Humphresianum													168.4
		Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense													174.7
					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons														180.1
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum														182
		Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni														184.2
		Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi														192.9
		Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian															Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian															Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian															Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																	273.01
		Artinskian																	283.5
		Sakmarian																	290.1
		Asselian																	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7															Mapingian †
		Kasimovian		305.9
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian			Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian						Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
								Dobrotivian				458.5 *
								Oretanian				459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian						Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				Datsonian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
												Payntonian			486.8 *
															Sunwaptan	487.5
														Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										Iverian				489.5
															Steptoean	493 *
						Maentwrogian								493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian						Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian		Albertian †				Mindyallan	St Davids		497
		Guzhangian										Boomerangian			499
		Drumian										Undillan			500.5
		Drumian			Floran							503
		Wuliuan			Topazan	Templetonian						504.5
					Delamaran	Templetonian						506.5
						Ordian						507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4				Ordian		Waucoban †				Caerfai	509
													510.8 *
					Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran								514
					Montezuman								514.8 *
					Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																			538.8