PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian										Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
												Waipipian	Villanyian	3
													Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
													Vallesian	8.7
											Southland	Waiauan	Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian										Waiauan	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian		13.82
												Clifdenian		15.1
											Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian										Altonian	Orleanian	15.98
												Otaian	Orleanian	18.7
													Agenian	20
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian		23.03
												Duntroonian		25.2
												Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
											Arnold	Runangan		34.6
												Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian		41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
												Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan		47.8
												Mangaorapan		48.9
												Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian		56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian						Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan							Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
												Mangaotanean		90.5
												Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan		93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
												Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Motuan		100.5
												Urutawan		103.3
											Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian										Korangan		113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian		358.9
				Middle Famennian		365.3 *
				Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian		372.2
				Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
				Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian		382.7
				Middle Givetian		383.7 *
				Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan		445.2
						Cautleyan		448.9 *
						Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
						Pusgillian		449.3 *
			Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †		449.6 *
					Cheneyan			451.5 *
					Cheneyan		Gisbornian	452 *
					Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian						453
						Actonian †		453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †			455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †			456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian		458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Darriwilian		461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Yapeenian		467.3
			Arenig		Fennian		Yapeenian		468.4 *
							Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian		470
					Whitlandian		Chewtonian		471.1 *
							Bendigonian		471.8 *
							Lancefieldian		473.5 *
					Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian				477.7
					Cressagian				480.8 *
					Cressagian		Warendian		482.8 *
							Warendian		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran			Waucoban †	Branchian	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran					514
							Montezuman					514.8 *
							Montezuman				Placentian	517.1
							Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8