PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of China			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean											0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian											0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian											0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan											1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian											4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian											9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian											11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
				Hemingfordian											16.3
				Arikareean											18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
				Whitneyan											29.5
				Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian											33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean											37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian											47.8
				Wasatchian											50.5
				Clarkforkian											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian											56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian											56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian											59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian											61.6
		Danian		Puercan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian						100.5
									Middle Albian						106.2 *
									Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian						113
		Aptian							Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian						139.8
									Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
									Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Griesbachian			251.4 *
			Griesbachian			Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb	266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian			393.3
		Pragian		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †		Pirgu	445.2
					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					Pirgu	449.5
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo			Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
											Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Dapingian					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian			Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian								470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Ungurian								Xinchangian	477.7
								Lianghekou †						477.9 *
										Varangu				481.3 *
			Pakerort							482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort		Batyrbaian								485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
					Aksaian								490.7 *
					Sakian								492.2 *
		Paibian			Sakian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian								497
		Guzhangian											499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian								500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan			Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan				505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				509
					Toyonian	510 *
					Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian	514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian	521
															525.5